12/16/2023 0 Comments Expects mass production less two![]() ![]() The food system typology covers 155 countries and 97% of the world’s population, with 30–32 countries in each category 10, as illustrated in Supplementary Fig. This categorization is based on the agricultural value added per worker, dietary change as reflected by the share of dietary energy from staple grains and cereals, urbanization, and supermarket density, which are all closely related to economic growth. This typology has five categories: (1) rural and traditional, (2) informal and expanding, (3) emerging and diversifying, (4) modernizing and formalizing, and (5) industrial and consolidated. In this paper, we use a food system typology to understand how food systems transitioned historically and potential implications for countries to consider as their food systems continue to change 10. Food systems objectives have therefore evolved from a focus on producing enough nutritious food to feed the world to doing so in an environmentally sustainable way while facilitating fair and equitable livelihoods, social justice and respect for cultural values 8, 9. These actors and drivers are interlinked with intended and unintended as well as positive and negative consequences 2, 3, 4.įood systems have enabled enough food to be grown to keep pace with the rapidly increasing population 5 while reducing devastating famines that caused hundreds of millions of deaths 6, but with that great acceleration has come trade-offs and new challenges, particularly with climate change, ecosystem resilience 7 and deepening issues of inequity, which hamper progress to ensure that all people are well nourished. Drivers of change include rising incomes, market liberalization and expanding foreign investment, international trade agreements, infrastructure investment, technological change and innovation, population growth, urbanization, and changes in consumer demand. Actors from farmers, micro-enterprises and medium-sized enterprises to transnational corporations participate in food system activities. The systems that produce, process, package and sell food have undergone a series of transitions over the past several decades, impacting diets, nutrition and health livelihoods and wages and the environment and climate 1. With the integrated view afforded by typologies, we consider how sustainable transitions can be achieved going forward. Six ‘outlier’ case studies (Tajikistan, Egypt, Albania, Ecuador, Bolivia and the United States of America) illustrate broad trends, trade-offs and deviations. ![]() We show that the affordability of a recommended diet has improved over time, but food systems of all types are falling short of delivering optimal nutrition and health outcomes, environmental sustainability, and inclusion and equity for all. Evolving rural economies, urbanization and changes in food value chains have accompanied these transitions, leading to changes in land distribution, a smaller share of agri-food system workers in the economy and changes in diets. These shifts are illustrated across five food system typologies, from rural and traditional to industrial and consolidated. ![]() Historically, incomes have risen faster than food prices as countries have industrialized, enabling a simultaneous increase in the supply and affordability of many nutritious foods. ![]() We explore the potential for sustainable and equitable food system transformation (ideal state of change) by comparing countries at different stages of food system transition (changes) using food system typologies. Over the past 50 years, food systems worldwide have shifted from predominantly rural to industrialized and consolidated systems, with impacts on diets, nutrition and health, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. ![]()
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